About Version Control

What is “version control”, and why should you care? Version control is a system that records changes to a file or set of files over time so that you can recall specific versions later. For the examples in this book you will use software source code as the files being version controlled, though in reality you can do this with nearly any type of file on a computer.

If you are a graphic or web designer and want to keep every version of an image or layout (which you would most certainly want to), a Version Control System (VCS) is a very wise thing to use. It allows you to revert files back to a previous state, revert the entire project back to a previous state, compare changes over time, see who last modified something that might be causing a problem, who introduced an issue and when, and more. Using a VCS also generally means that if you screw things up or lose files, you can easily recover. In addition, you get all this for very little overhead.

Local Version Control Systems

Many people’s version-control method of choice is to copy files into another directory (perhaps a time-stamped directory, if they’re clever). This approach is very common because it is so simple, but it is also incredibly error prone. It is easy to forget which directory you’re in and accidentally write to the wrong file or copy over files you don’t mean to.

One of the more popular VCS tools was a system called RCS, which is still distributed with many computers today. Even the popular Mac OS X operating system includes the rcs command when you install the Developer Tools. RCS works by keeping patch sets (that is, the differences between files) in a special format on disk; it can then re-create what any file looked like at any point in time by adding up all the patches.

Centralized Version Control Systems

The next major issue that people encounter is that they need to collaborate with developers on other systems. To deal with this problem, Centralized Version Control Systems (CVCSs) were developed. These systems, such as CVS, Subversion, and Perforce, have a single server that contains all the versioned files, and a number of clients that check out files from that central place. For many years, this has been the standard for version control.

Furthermore, many of these systems deal pretty well with having several remote repositories they can work with, so you can collaborate with different groups of people in different ways simultaneously within the same project. This allows you to set up several types of workflows that aren’t possible in centralized systems, such as hierarchical models.

The post Getting Started with Version Control & GitHub appeared first on EckoThemes.

I don’t believe you have to be better than everybody else. I believe you have to be better than you ever thought you could be.

Ken Venturi

A mountain range is a geographic area containing numerous geologically related mountains. A mountain system or system of mountain ranges, sometimes is used to combine several geological features that are geographically (regionally) related.

Rocky Mountains

On Earth, most significant mountain ranges are the result of plate tectonics, though mountain ranges are formed by a range of processes, are found on many planetary mass objects in the Solar System and are likely a feature of most terrestrial planets.

The mountain systems of the earth are characterized by a tree structure, that is, many mountain ranges have sub-ranges within them. It can be thought of as a parent-child relationship.For example, the Appalachian Mountains range is the parent of other ranges it comprises, some of which are the White Mountains and the Blue Ridge Mountains.

The White Mountains are a child of the Appalachians, and there are also children of the Whites, including the Sandwich Range and the Presidential Range. Further, the Presidential Range can be broken up into the Northern Presidential Range and Southern Presidential Range.

Geology

The Rocky Mountains, commonly known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range in western North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch more than 3,000 miles (4,800 km) from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico, in the southwestern United States of American. Economic resources of the Rocky Mountains are varied.

Within the North American Cordillera, the Rockies are somewhat distinct from the Pacific Coast Ranges and the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada which all lie further to the west. They were initially formed from 80 million to 55 million years ago during the Laramide orogeny, in which a number of plates began to slide underneath the North American plate.

Ecology and Climate

The angle of subduction was shallow, resulting in a broad belt of mountains running down western North America. Since then, further tectonic activity and erosion by glaciers have sculpted the Rockies into dramatic peaks and valleys. At the end of the last ice age, humans started to inhabit the mountain range.

The Rockies range in latitude between the Liard River in British Columbia (at 59° N) and the Rio Grande in New Mexico (at 35° N). Prairie occurs at or below 1,800 feet (550 m), while the highest peak in the range is Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet (4,400 m). Precipitation ranges from 10 inches (250 mm) per year in the southern valleys to 60 inches (1,500 mm) per year locally in the northern peaks Average January temperatures can range from 20 °F (−7 °C) in Prince George, British Columbia, to 43 °F (6 °C) in Trinidad, Colorado.

History

The USGS defines ten forested zones in the Rocky Mountains. Zones in more southern, warmer, or drier areas are defined by the presence of pinyon pines/junipers, ponderosa pines, or oaks mixed with pines. In more northern, colder, or wetter areas, zones are defined by Douglas-firs, Cascadian species (such as western hemlock), lodgepole pines/quaking aspens, or firs mixed with spruce.

var http = require('http');
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
    res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
    res.end('Hello World\n');
}).listen(1337, '127.0.0.1');
console.log('Server running at http://127.0.0.1:1337/');

Near treeline, zones can consist of white pines (such as whitebark pine or bristlecone pine); or a mixture of white pine, fir, and spruce that appear as shrub-like krummholz. Finally, rivers and canyons can create a unique forest zone in more arid parts of the mountain range.

Quisque fringilla justo tristique mi fermentum accumsan. Integer feugiat, sem sit amet sodales cursus, enim lectus tempus tellus, nec facilisis tortor enim vel nunc. Donec facilisis arcu ac suscipit sagittis. Aliquam sollicitudin tortor et viverra commodo. Donec venenatis dignissim lacus quis dictum. Aliquam iaculis quam nec tortor volutpat, nec tempus diam efficitur. Phasellus vel orci placerat, ultricies nunc eu, tempus felis. Ut sit amet convallis velit. Mauris placerat neque at velit vehicula, iaculis semper purus blandit. Vestibulum vel tempus felis. Integer posuere orci vel commodo dictum. Vestibulum sit amet neque vitae dui tempor placerat non et nunc. Duis efficitur est a venenatis facilisis. Vestibulum in leo sem

Header Three

Duis lectus nulla, tristique in diam vel, posuere luctus elit. Duis convallis turpis venenatis enim eleifend, at ultrices dui luctus. Suspendisse sapien augue, pretium aliquet est eget, vehicula cursus nisl. Praesent eu sodales dolor, vitae dapibus turpis. Fusce in egestas justo.

Aliquam sollicitudin sed nisl non gravida. Vivamus placerat quis nisl vel sodales. Integer vitae tortor tristique, sodales orci sed, viverra nibh. Suspendisse vel dapibus dui. Quisque tempor metus sit amet lorem sollicitudin, vitae pellentesque massa iaculis. Mauris eu bibendum turpis, eu efficitur eros. Curabitur ante diam, volutpat pellentesque facilisis dapibus, blandit nec purus. In euismod fermentum semper. Aliquam ac ex sem. Pellentesque sit amet volutpat augue.

Sed commodo rutrum risus, et tincidunt orci condimentum id. Mauris turpis magna, bibendum a molestie eu, interdum a neque. Cras ac accumsan odio, euismod blandit metus. Donec et feugiat lorem. Aenean sed sem at magna laoreet gravida fermentum egestas orci. Aliquam nec semper quam, id porta erat.

Integer sit amet lobortis magna, id ultrices lectus. Mauris eget sem elit. Aliquam ac luctus nunc, vitae auctor sem. Integer ut luctus elit. Donec ligula turpis, mattis facilisis felis non, mollis fermentum justo. Maecenas consequat vulputate elit. Vestibulum ullamcorper luctus quam at cursus. Morbi a magna placerat est elementum dictum sed vel nulla.

The post Introduction to User Experience & Interface Design appeared first on EckoThemes.

I don’t believe you have to be better than everybody else. I believe you have to be better than you ever thought you could be.

Ken Venturi

A mountain range is a geographic area containing numerous geologically related mountains. A mountain system or system of mountain ranges, sometimes is used to combine several geological features that are geographically (regionally) related.

Rocky Mountains

On Earth, most significant mountain ranges are the result of plate tectonics, though mountain ranges are formed by a range of processes, are found on many planetary mass objects in the Solar System and are likely a feature of most terrestrial planets.

The mountain systems of the earth are characterized by a tree structure, that is, many mountain ranges have sub-ranges within them. It can be thought of as a parent-child relationship.For example, the Appalachian Mountains range is the parent of other ranges it comprises, some of which are the White Mountains and the Blue Ridge Mountains.

The White Mountains are a child of the Appalachians, and there are also children of the Whites, including the Sandwich Range and the Presidential Range. Further, the Presidential Range can be broken up into the Northern Presidential Range and Southern Presidential Range.

Geology

The Rocky Mountains, commonly known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range in western North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch more than 3,000 miles (4,800 km) from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico, in the southwestern United States of American. Economic resources of the Rocky Mountains are varied.

Within the North American Cordillera, the Rockies are somewhat distinct from the Pacific Coast Ranges and the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada which all lie further to the west. They were initially formed from 80 million to 55 million years ago during the Laramide orogeny, in which a number of plates began to slide underneath the North American plate.

Ecology and Climate

The angle of subduction was shallow, resulting in a broad belt of mountains running down western North America. Since then, further tectonic activity and erosion by glaciers have sculpted the Rockies into dramatic peaks and valleys. At the end of the last ice age, humans started to inhabit the mountain range.

The Rockies range in latitude between the Liard River in British Columbia (at 59° N) and the Rio Grande in New Mexico (at 35° N). Prairie occurs at or below 1,800 feet (550 m), while the highest peak in the range is Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet (4,400 m). Precipitation ranges from 10 inches (250 mm) per year in the southern valleys to 60 inches (1,500 mm) per year locally in the northern peaks Average January temperatures can range from 20 °F (−7 °C) in Prince George, British Columbia, to 43 °F (6 °C) in Trinidad, Colorado.

History

The USGS defines ten forested zones in the Rocky Mountains. Zones in more southern, warmer, or drier areas are defined by the presence of pinyon pines/junipers, ponderosa pines, or oaks mixed with pines. In more northern, colder, or wetter areas, zones are defined by Douglas-firs, Cascadian species (such as western hemlock), lodgepole pines/quaking aspens, or firs mixed with spruce.

var http = require('http');
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
    res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
    res.end('Hello World\n');
}).listen(1337, '127.0.0.1');
console.log('Server running at http://127.0.0.1:1337/');

Near treeline, zones can consist of white pines (such as whitebark pine or bristlecone pine); or a mixture of white pine, fir, and spruce that appear as shrub-like krummholz. Finally, rivers and canyons can create a unique forest zone in more arid parts of the mountain range.

Quisque fringilla justo tristique mi fermentum accumsan. Integer feugiat, sem sit amet sodales cursus, enim lectus tempus tellus, nec facilisis tortor enim vel nunc. Donec facilisis arcu ac suscipit sagittis. Aliquam sollicitudin tortor et viverra commodo. Donec venenatis dignissim lacus quis dictum. Aliquam iaculis quam nec tortor volutpat, nec tempus diam efficitur. Phasellus vel orci placerat, ultricies nunc eu, tempus felis. Ut sit amet convallis velit. Mauris placerat neque at velit vehicula, iaculis semper purus blandit. Vestibulum vel tempus felis. Integer posuere orci vel commodo dictum. Vestibulum sit amet neque vitae dui tempor placerat non et nunc. Duis efficitur est a venenatis facilisis. Vestibulum in leo sem

Header Three

Duis lectus nulla, tristique in diam vel, posuere luctus elit. Duis convallis turpis venenatis enim eleifend, at ultrices dui luctus. Suspendisse sapien augue, pretium aliquet est eget, vehicula cursus nisl. Praesent eu sodales dolor, vitae dapibus turpis. Fusce in egestas justo.

Aliquam sollicitudin sed nisl non gravida. Vivamus placerat quis nisl vel sodales. Integer vitae tortor tristique, sodales orci sed, viverra nibh. Suspendisse vel dapibus dui. Quisque tempor metus sit amet lorem sollicitudin, vitae pellentesque massa iaculis. Mauris eu bibendum turpis, eu efficitur eros. Curabitur ante diam, volutpat pellentesque facilisis dapibus, blandit nec purus. In euismod fermentum semper. Aliquam ac ex sem. Pellentesque sit amet volutpat augue.

Sed commodo rutrum risus, et tincidunt orci condimentum id. Mauris turpis magna, bibendum a molestie eu, interdum a neque. Cras ac accumsan odio, euismod blandit metus. Donec et feugiat lorem. Aenean sed sem at magna laoreet gravida fermentum egestas orci. Aliquam nec semper quam, id porta erat.

Integer sit amet lobortis magna, id ultrices lectus. Mauris eget sem elit. Aliquam ac luctus nunc, vitae auctor sem. Integer ut luctus elit. Donec ligula turpis, mattis facilisis felis non, mollis fermentum justo. Maecenas consequat vulputate elit. Vestibulum ullamcorper luctus quam at cursus. Morbi a magna placerat est elementum dictum sed vel nulla.

The post Effective Use of Whitespace in Minimal UI Design appeared first on EckoThemes.

• The fluid grid concept calls for page element sizing to be in relative units like percentages, rather than absolute units like pixels or points.
• Flexible images are also sized in relative units, so as to prevent them from displaying outside their containing element.
• Media queries allow the page to use different CSS style rules based on characteristics of the device the site is being displayed on, most commonly the width of the browser.
• Server-side components (RESS) in conjunction with client-side ones such as media queries can produce faster-loading sites for access over cellular networks and also deliver richer functionality/usability avoiding some of the pitfalls of device-side-only solutions.

Related Concepts

Audience and Device Aware (ADA)

Audience and Device Aware is an approach aimed at ensuring that a site is optimised to deliver what a user wants and that works effectively on the device being used to access the site. Unlike Responsive web design (RWD), which crafts a site visually for a range of devices, ADA aims to reflect the many different elements that enhance and impact on the performance and usability of a site. The predominant application for the ADA approach is for mobile and smaller screen devices. The principle truly sees the adoption of a “mobile first” strategy and focuses on the performance of a site and value that it delivers to a user and the business.

Mobile First

“Mobile first”, unobtrusive JavaScript, and progressive enhancement (strategies for when a new site design is being considered) are related concepts that predated RWD: browsers of basic mobile phones do not understand JavaScript or media queries, so the recommended practice is to create a basic web site, and enhance it for smart phones and PCs—rather than try graceful degradation to make a complex, image-heavy site work on the most basic mobile phones.

The post Responsive & Mobile Design appeared first on EckoThemes.

Step One – Root Login

To log into your server initially, you will need to know your server’s public IP address and the password for the “root” user’s account. For servers on DigitalOcean, you will receive an email with your server credentials and the server’s IP address.

The root user is the administrative user in a Linux environment that has very broad privileges. Because of the heightened privileges of the root account, you are actually discouraged from using it on a regular basis. This is because part of the power inherent with the root account is the ability to make very destructive changes, even by accident.

In this guide, we’ll help you set up an alternative user account with a reduced scope of influence for day-to-day work. We’ll teach you how to gain increased privileges during the times when you need them. The first step is to log into your server, and the only account we start out with is the root account. We can connect to the server by using the ssh command in the terminal. The command will look like this:

ssh root@server_ip_address

You will most likely see a warning in your terminal window that looks like this:

The authenticity of host '123.123.123.123 (123.123.123.123)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerpring is
79:95:46:1a:ab:37:11:8e:86:54:36:38:bb:3c:fa:c0.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?

Here, your computer is basically telling you that it doesn’t recognize your remote server. Since this is your first time connecting, this is completely expected. Go ahead and type “yes” to accept the connection. Afterwards, you’ll need to enter the password for the root account.

Step Two – Change Your Password

You are not likely to remember the password that is currently set for your root account. You can change the password to something you will remember more easily by typing:

passwd

It will ask you to enter and confirm your new password. During this process, you will not see anything show up on your screen as you type. This is intentional and is there so that people looking over your shoulder cannot guess your password by the number of characters.

Step Three – Create a New User

At this point, we’re prepared to add the new user account that we will use to log in from now on. I’m going to name my user “demo”, but you can select whatever name you’d like:

adduser demo

You will be asked a few questions, starting with the account password. Fill out the password and, optionally, fill in any of the additional information if you would like. This is not required and you can just hit “ENTER” in any field you wish to skip.

Step Four – Root Privileges

To avoid having to log out of our normal user and log back in as the root account, we can set up what is known as “sudo” privileges for our normal account. This will allow our normal user to run commands with administrative privileges by putting the word “sudo” before each command. To add these privileges to our new account, we need to use a command called visudo. This will open a configuration file:

visudo

Scroll down until you find a section that deals with user privileges. It will look similar to this:

# User privilege specification
root    ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL

While this might look complicated, we don’t need to worry about that. All we need to do is add another line below it that follows the format, replacing “demo” with the user you created:

# User privilege specification
root    ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
demo    ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL

After this is done, press CTRL-X to exit. You will have to type “Y” to save the file and then press “ENTER” to confirm the file location.

Step Five – Configure SSH (Optional)

Now that we have our new account, we can secure our server a little bit by modifying the configuration of SSH (the program that allows us to log in remotely). Begin by opening the configuration file with your text editor as root:

nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config

Continue reading this guide at DigitalOcean. This article has been used as an example of an Ecko WordPress theme. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The post Initial Server Configuration & Setup on Debian appeared first on EckoThemes.

var http = require('http');
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
    res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
    res.end('Hello Worldn');
}).listen(1337, '127.0.0.1');
console.log('Server running at http://127.0.0.1:1337/');

The post Simple HTTP Server in NodeJS appeared first on EckoThemes.

Step One – Install Nginx

We can install Nginx easily because the Ubuntu team provides an Nginx package in its default repositories. Since this is our first interaction with the apt packaging system in this session, we should update our local package index before we begin so that we are using the most up-to-date information. Afterwards, we will install nginx:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install nginx

You will probably be prompted for your user’s password. Enter it to confirm that you wish to complete the installation. The appropriate software will be downloaded to your server and then automatically installed.

Step Two – Check your Web Server

You can access the default Nginx landing page to confirm that the software is running properly by visiting your server’s domain name or public IP address in your web browser.

If you do not have a spare domain name, or have no need for one, you can use your server’s public IP address. If you do not know your server’s IP address, you can get it a few different ways from the command line.

Continue reading this guide at Digital Ocean. This article has been used as an example of an Ecko WordPress theme. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The post Installing Nginx on Ubuntu 14.04 with Server Caching appeared first on EckoThemes.